by dr nicholas altuneg, Behavioural Optometrist
As we age, our eyes undergo various changes, and one of the most common eye conditions affecting older adults is macular degeneration. This condition, also known as age–related macular degeneration (AMD), affects the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for sharp, detailed vision.
During Macular Degeneration Awareness Week 21–27 May 2024, raising awareness about this condition and providing valuable information to help those affected better understand and manage it is essential.
What is Macular Degeneration?
Macular degeneration is an eye disease that causes gradual and progressive damage to the macula, leading to a loss of central vision. This can significantly impact everyday activities that require detailed vision, such as reading, driving, recognising faces, and performing tasks that require fine motor skills.
There are two main types of macular degeneration:
Dry Macular Degeneration is the most common form, accounting for approximately 90% of cases. In dry AMD, the cells in the macula gradually break down, causing a slow and gradual loss of central vision. While less severe than wet AMD, dry AMD can still significantly impact daily activities over time.
Wet Macular Degeneration, although less common, wet AMD is more severe and can lead to rapid vision loss. It occurs when abnormal blood vessels grow under the macula, leaking fluid or blood, which can cause scarring and damage to the macula if left untreated.
Symptoms and Diagnosis
Early detection and diagnosis of macular degeneration are crucial for effective management and treatment. Some common symptoms to watch include blurred or distorted central vision, straight lines appearing wavy or curved, dark or empty areas in the centre of your vision, difficulty seeing in low–light conditions, and changes in colour perception.
If you experience any of these symptoms, promptly scheduling an eye examination with an eye care professional is essential. Diagnostic tests, such as visual acuity, optical coherence tomography (OCT), Amsler grid, and fluorescein angiography, can help detect and diagnose macular degeneration accurately.
Treatment Options
While there is no cure for macular degeneration, various treatment options are available to slow its progression and manage the condition. These include lifestyle changes, medications and supplements, low vision aids and assistive devices, and, in some cases, surgical interventions.
Lifestyle changes, such as adopting a healthy diet rich in antioxidants and omega–3 fatty acids, regular exercise, wearing good quality sunglasses and avoiding smoking, can support eye health and potentially slow the progression of macular degeneration. Certain medications and supplements may also be prescribed to manage the condition and support eye health.
For individuals with advanced macular degeneration and significant vision loss, low vision aids and assistive devices like magnifying lenses, telescopic lenses, and screen reading software can enhance the remaining vision and improve the quality of life. In severe cases, surgical procedures such as macular translocation or the implantation of telescopic lenses may be considered, but these options are typically reserved for advanced stages of the disease.
Living with Macular Degeneration
Adjusting to life with macular degeneration can be challenging, but there are strategies and resources available to help you maintain your independence and quality of life. Protecting your eyes from excessive ultraviolet light while optimising lighting, utilising magnification tools, organising your environment, and seeking support from macular degeneration support groups can all help make daily tasks more manageable.
It’s All In the Genes
Macular degeneration has a strong genetic component, which means it can run in families. If you have a grandparent, parent, sibling, or other close relative who has been diagnosed with macular degeneration, your risk of developing the condition is significantly increased. Research indicates that those with an immediate family member affected by age–related macular degeneration have a 50% chance of developing it themselves.
Given this elevated risk, individuals with a family history of macular degeneration must be diligent about routine eye exams and screenings. Eye care professionals recommend comprehensive eye examinations at least every two years if you have a close relative with the condition. Regular screenings can detect early signs of macular degeneration before significant vision loss occurs, allowing for timely intervention and treatment to help preserve vision. Don’t hesitate to inform your optometrist or ophthalmologist about your family history so they can provide appropriate monitoring and care to catch any potential issues early on.
Additionally, staying informed about the latest developments in treatment and management by accessing educational resources from reputable sources can help you make informed decisions about your eye care. Regular eye examinations and ongoing care with an eye care professional are crucial for monitoring the progression of macular degeneration and adjusting treatment plans as needed.
Remember, early detection and proactive management can help preserve vision and maintain quality of life for those affected by macular degeneration. If you or a loved one are experiencing any concerning vision changes, don’t hesitate to consult an eye care professional promptly. With the right support and resources, it is possible to navigate the challenges of macular degeneration and continue living an active and fulfilling life.
Dr Nicholas Altuneg is a Behavioural Optometrist who has been working on the Central Coast for almost 30 years. He is the co–founder at Eyes by Design, which is in the Kincumber Centre. Appointments can be made by phone 02 4369 8169 or online at www.eyesbydesign.com.au
This article is intended to promote understanding of and knowledge about general eye health topics. It should not be used as a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your health care professional prior to incorporating this as part of your health regimen.